A little helpful tip to get an interface configured and able to route.
For example:
config system interface
edit port1
set ip <IP address> <netmask>
end
config system route
edit 1
set device port1
set gateway <gateway_ipv4_address>
end
A few examples of using the "find" command to make your life easier.
My brother asked about searching through a folder to find images based on date range and then moving them to a new folder. Sounds simple enough and I'm sure there are multiple ways to accomplish the same thing.
As for me, I'll keep it simple and run the following little script.
for i in $(find dir_to_search/ -newermt "2011-01-01" ! -newermt "2011-12-31"); do mv $i /new_dir/done
Another example of just doing the find for the date range:
find . -type f -newermt 2020-10-01 ! -newermt 2022-10-01
FortiGate -> Pi Hole (like) Config
edit "internal"
set mode forward-only
set dnsfilter-profile "Your-DNS-Filter"
next
You can easily test your Samba server for configuration errors. It check an smb.conf configuration file for internal correctness. If this program reports no problems, you can use the configuration file with confidence that smbd will successfully load the configuration file.
Open a shell prompt and then type the following command:# testparm
OR# testparm /etc/samba/smb.conf
We will see the following message on screen:
Load smb config files from /usr/local/etc/smb4.conf Loaded services file OK. Server role: ROLE_STANDALONE Press enter to see a dump of your service definitions
If you hit the [Enter], key you will see other details
If you are here, you've obviously started to use Owncloud and found that importing the mountain of data you want accessible is painful. So what if you have gigabytes of files to add to your ownCloud server? You can of course use the desktop client to sync all those files, but what if we were talking about almost a terabyte?
Add files manually to your ownCloud server
This is probably the quickest and less complicated way of adding files. There are many alternative ways to transfer your files to your ownCloud server:
It's just as simple as dragging a folder to another folder. The only problem is that you might not know yet where ownCloud files are stored. I made life a little bit easier with this nifty little Bash snippet that automatically finds your ownCloud data directory:
find / -name config.php 2>/dev/null | while read line ; do cat "$line" | grep " 'datadirectory'" ; doneYour output should then look something like this:
So according to the snippet of code my ownCloud data directory is located at
/var/www/owncloud/dataso let's cd into that directory to check out what's in there.
As you can see, we have multiple files in here. My ownCloud username is bart, so let's take a look in that folder.
Now this looks interesting. If I check my ownCloud web portal I can see that the directory structure is the same:
So I created a folder called TestFolder123 in the web interface and executed
ls -laon the server's console.
So I tried to do the same thing, but vice versa. I created a folder on the console side, updated the folder's ownership and afterwards checked if the folder appeared in the web interface, with some surprising results:
What the heck?!
Where did my folder go??!
Okay.. let me explain what's going on here. The ownCloud system basically expects two things from a file/folder in order to be indexed as a file:
Moving a file/folder into ownCloud's data directory doesn't add it to the database automatically. Luckily, the ownCloud developers were kind enough to create a command line tool called
occthat can manually add missing files and folders to the ownCloud database. You can run the following snippet on your server to check where this utility is located on the local file system:find / -name "occ" 2>/dev/nullWhich outputs the following on my demo server:
All you need to do is cd into that folder (in my case
/var/www/owncloud) and run the following snippet:sudo -u www-data php occ files:scan --allWhere www-data is the user your web server runs on.
Another option would be a command that scans a specific folder or user. In this example, the username is "bart" and the folder to scan is in the "files" directory called "temp2"
NOTE: the path is not the full path in the file system but must start with the username. For example my installation & data directory is located in /var/www/owncloud/data all the user data is located in a folders (named by username), followed by a "files" folder and then any folders/directories created there after for the given user.
If you try to use a fully qualified path afer --path directive, you will encounter the error
Unknown user 1 var
sudo -u www-data php occ files:scan --path bart/files/temp2Further more, if you wanted to scan all the files and directories for a given user, you could run the following, where "bart" is the ownCloud username.
sudo -u www-data php occ files:scan bartAnd now, it is time for the results:
YEAH!! So this command has definitely helped. Now you can add all your files directly into your ownCloud data folder without having to sync from the desktop client.
Jellyfin is an open source fork of Emby Media Server that allows you to organize and stream your movies, shows, music, and photos. Update Your Server
Before installing Jellyfin, you’ll want to make sure your server’s package management repositories are fully up to date. Run this command to get the latest package listings and update installed packages to their latest versions:
sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade
Jellyfin is nice and easy to install and keep up to date on Ubuntu as there is an official repository.
First, install apt-transport-https.
sudo apt install apt-transport-https
Next, download the gpg key and install the repo.
wget -O - https://repo.jellyfin.org/ubuntu/jellyfin_team.gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
sudo echo "deb [arch=$( dpkg --print-architecture )] https://repo.jellyfin.org/ubuntu $( lsb_release -c -s ) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jellyfin.list
Now update your package listing and install Jellyfin
sudo apt update
sudo apt install jellyfin
We’ll create a movies directory in /jellyfin-library. You can also create a shows, music, or photos directory at this time. The library directories can be created anywhere the jellyfin user has read access to. I typically serve content like this from /var/www
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/jellyfin/jellyfin-library/movies
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/jellyfin/jellyfin-library/photos
To start setting up Jellyfin, navigate to http://localhost:8096 in your web browser or http://ip_of_your_jellyfin_server:8096 if you are accessing it from a different computer on your local network.
Select your language and click Next.
Create a username and password. Click Next. ( you don't need a "jellyfin" username, you can use a name of your choosing.)
We’ll add a library later on. For now, just click Next.
Confirm your language and country. Click Next.
Make sure the Allow remote connections to this Jellyfin Server option is enabled. Click Next.
Click Finish.
After setup is complete, Jellyfin should ask you to sign in. Go ahead and enter your credentials and sign in.
Click on the icon in the top right corner of the portal to get to settings.
Click Libraries.
Click Add Media Library.
Select your content type and give it a name. Click Folders.
Select the library directory you created earlier and click ok.
Click ok.
The easiest way to upload your media is with SFTP.
These two Emby wiki articles will show you how to properly organize your media so Jellyfin can understand it and fetch the proper metadata.
Movies: https://github.com/MediaBrowser/Wiki/wiki/Movie-naming
TV Shows: https://github.com/MediaBrowser/Wiki/wiki/TV-naming
Once you’ve added your media, you’ll need to scan your library files before Jellyfin will see them. Do this by clicking on the three dots next to your library and clicking Scan Library.
Jellyfin does not come with SSL built in. If you want more privacy and to protect your login credentials from potential compromise, it’s a good idea to add SSL. Once you have obtained a certificate and uploaded it to your server, click on the icon at the top right of your Jellyfin portal.
Click Networking.
Add the certificate path under Custom ssl certificate path.
Congratulations! Everything should be working at this point. Now you can enjoy your media with one of Jellyfin’s client apps or in your web browser by navigating to http://ip_of_jellyfin_server
Use the pwd command to find out the path of the current working directory (folder) you’re in. The command will return an absolute (full) path, which is basically a path of all the directories that starts with a forward slash (/). An example of an absolute path is /home/username.
To navigate through the Linux files and directories, use the cd command. It requires either the full path or the name of the directory, depending on the current working directory that you’re in.
Let’s say you’re in /home/username/Documents and you want to go to Photos, a subdirectory of Documents. To do so, simply type the following command: cd Photos.
Another scenario is if you want to switch to a completely new directory, for example,/home/username/Movies. In this case, you have to type cd followed by the directory’s absolute path: cd /home/username/Movies.
There are some shortcuts to help you navigate quickly:
On a side note, Linux’s shell is case sensitive. So, you have to type the name’s directory exactly as it is.
The ls command is used to view the contents of a directory. By default, this command will display the contents of your current working directory.
If you want to see the content of other directories, type ls and then the directory’s path. For example, enter ls /home/username/Documents to view the content of Documents.
There are variations you can use with the ls command:
cat (short for concatenate) is one of the most frequently used commands in Linux. It is used to list the contents of a file on the standard output (sdout). To run this command, type cat followed by the file’s name and its extension. For instance: cat file.txt.
Here are other ways to use the cat command:
Use the cp command to copy files from the current directory to a different directory. For instance, the command cp scenery.jpg /home/username/Pictures would create a copy of scenery.jpg (from your current directory) into the Pictures directory.
The primary use of the mv command is to move files, although it can also be used to rename files.
The arguments in mv are similar to the cp command. You need to type mv, the file’s name, and the destination’s directory. For example: mv file.txt /home/username/Documents.
To rename files, the Linux command is mv oldname.ext newname.ext
Use mkdir command to make a new directory — if you type mkdir Music it will create a directory called Music.
There are extra mkdir commands as well:
If you need to delete a directory, use the rmdir command. However, rmdir only allows you to delete empty directories.
The rm command is used to delete directories and the contents within them. If you only want to delete the directory — as an alternative to rmdir — use rm -r.
Note: Be very careful with this command and double-check which directory you are in. This will delete everything and there is no undo.
The touch command allows you to create a blank new file through the Linux command line. As an example, enter touch /home/username/Documents/Web.html to create an HTML file entitled Web under the Documents directory.
You can use this command to locate a file, just like the search command in Windows. What’s more, using the -i argument along with this command will make it case-insensitive, so you can search for a file even if you don’t remember its exact name.
To search for a file that contains two or more words, use an asterisk (*). For example, locate -i school*note command will search for any file that contains the word “school” and “note”, whether it is uppercase or lowercase.
Similar to the locate command, using find also searches for files and directories. The difference is, you use the find command to locate files within a given directory.
As an example, find /home/ -name notes.txt command will search for a file called notes.txt within the home directory and its subdirectories.
Other variations when using the find are:
Another basic Linux command that is undoubtedly helpful for everyday use is grep. It lets you search through all the text in a given file.
To illustrate, grep blue notepad.txt will search for the word blue in the notepad file. Lines that contain the searched word will be displayed fully.
Short for “SuperUser Do”, this command enables you to perform tasks that require administrative or root permissions. However, it is not advisable to use this command for daily use because it might be easy for an error to occur if you did something wrong.
Use df command to get a report on the system’s disk space usage, shown in percentage and KBs. If you want to see the report in megabytes, type df -m.
If you want to check how much space a file or a directory takes, the du (Disk Usage) command is the answer. However, the disk usage summary will show disk block numbers instead of the usual size format. If you want to see it in bytes, kilobytes, and megabytes, add the -h argument to the command line.
The head command is used to view the first lines of any text file. By default, it will show the first ten lines, but you can change this number to your liking. For example, if you only want to show the first five lines, type head -n 5 filename.ext.
This one has a similar function to the head command, but instead of showing the first lines, the tail command will display the last ten lines of a text file. For example, tail -n filename.ext.
Short for difference, the diff command compares the contents of two files line by line. After analyzing the files, it will output the lines that do not match. Programmers often use this command when they need to make program alterations instead of rewriting the entire source code.
The simplest form of this command is diff file1.ext file2.ext
The tar command is the most used command to archive multiple files into a tarball — a common Linux file format that is similar to zip format, with compression being optional.
This command is quite complex with a long list of functions such as adding new files into an existing archive, listing the content of an archive, extracting the content from an archive, and many more. Check out some practical examples to know more about other functions.
chmod is another Linux command, used to change the read, write, and execute permissions of files and directories. As this command is rather complicated, you can read the full tutorial in order to execute it properly.
In Linux, all files are owned by a specific user. The chown command enables you to change or transfer the ownership of a file to the specified username. For instance, chown linuxuser2 file.ext will make linuxuser2 as the owner of the file.ext.
jobs command will display all current jobs along with their statuses. A job is basically a process that is started by the shell.
If you have an unresponsive program, you can terminate it manually by using the kill command. It will send a certain signal to the misbehaving app and instructs the app to terminate itself.
There is a total of sixty-four signals that you can use, but people usually only use two signals:
Besides knowing the signals, you also need to know the process identification number (PID) of the program you want to kill. If you don’t know the PID, simply run the command ps ux.
After knowing what signal you want to use and the PID of the program, enter the following syntax:
kill [signal option] PID.
Use the ping command to check your connectivity status to a server. For example, by simply entering ping google.com, the command will check whether you’re able to connect to Google and also measure the response time.
The Linux command line is super useful — you can even download files from the internet with the help of the wget command. To do so, simply type wget followed by the download link.
The uname command, short for Unix Name, will print detailed information about your Linux system like the machine name, operating system, kernel, and so on.
As a terminal equivalent to Task Manager in Windows, the top command will display a list of running processes and how much CPU each process uses. It’s very useful to monitor system resource usage, especially knowing which process needs to be terminated because it consumes too many resources.
When you’ve been using Linux for a certain period of time, you’ll quickly notice that you can run hundreds of commands every day. As such, running history command is particularly useful if you want to review the commands you’ve entered before.
Confused about the function of certain Linux commands? Don’t worry, you can easily learn how to use them right from Linux’s shell by using the man command. For instance, entering man tail will show the manual instruction of the tail command.
This command is used to move some data into a file. For example, if you want to add the text, “Hello, my name is John” into a file called name.txt, you would type echo Hello, my name is John >> name.txt
Use the zip command to compress your files into a zip archive, and use the unzip command to extract the zipped files from a zip archive.
If you want to know the name of your host/network simply type hostname. Adding a -i to the end will display the IP address of your network.
Since Linux is a multi-user system, this means more than one person can interact with the same system at the same time. useradd is used to create a new user, while passwd is adding a password to that user’s account. To add a new person named John type, useradd John and then to add his password type, passwd 123456789.
To remove a user is very similar to adding a new user. To delete the users account type, userdel UserName
Sometimes you want to "watch" a process in a different way than say the "top" command. For example, if I had a rsync running and wanted to watch the disk free or disk usage, I could run the following commands. The -h shows the output in "human readable" format and the -m shows it in megabytes (I believe you can use -g or -t as well for gigabyte or terabyte).
watch df -hm
watch du -hm
Rsync (Remote Sync) is the most commonly used command for copying and synchronizing files and directories remotely as well as locally in Linux/Unix systems.
With the help of the rsync command, you can copy and synchronize your data remotely and locally across directories, disks, and networks, perform data backups, and mirror between two Linux machines.
Use the clear command to clean out the terminal if it is getting cluttered with too many past commands.
Try the TAB button to autofill what you are typing. For example, if you need to type Documents, begin to type a command (let’s go with cd Docu, then hit the TAB key) and the terminal will fill in the rest, showing you cd Documents.
Ctrl+C and Ctrl+Z are used to stop any command that is currently working. Ctrl+C will stop and terminate the command, while Ctrl+Z will simply pause the command.
If you accidentally freeze your terminal by using Ctrl+S, simply undo this with the unfreeze Ctrl+Q.
Ctrl+A moves you to the beginning of the line while Ctrl+E moves you to the end.
You can run multiple commands in one single command by using the “;” to separate them. For example Command1; Command2; Command3. Or use && if you only want the next command to run when the first one is successful.
